Preheat the oven to 400–425°F and position the rack in the center.
Remove rubber bands and trim the woody ends from the asparagus.
Rinse the asparagus under cold water and pat completely dry.
Place the spears on a rimmed baking sheet.
Drizzle with olive oil.
Sprinkle with sea salt and black pepper.
Toss gently to coat each spear evenly.
Spread the asparagus in a single layer, leaving space between spears.
Roast for 8–12 minutes, depending on thickness, until tender and lightly golden.
Top with Parmesan cheese and red pepper flakes if desired. Serve immediately.